Notes

• Heterogeneous- different people, cultures, etc.
• Immigrant- legal aliens that can move to another country
• Reservation- public lands given to native Americans by the government
• Refugee- move for protection purposes
• Assimilation- adapting to another culture

Section 1 ch 21

• More whites in U.S.
• More immigrants coming in every year since 1960
• American populations have grew
• Minorities exceed white populations in Hawaii, New Mexico, and Texas
•  More females than males
• African Americans:
• have been treated worse than any of the other groups and longer
• are the hugest minority group. 14% of American population
• all of our gains have been made by African Americans
• Native Americans:
• 1 Million natives lived in what is now America the number was reduced to 250,000 now there's approximately 6 million
• poverty, joblessness, and alcoholism plague many reservations
• they were moved from their homes to reservations
• The Indian education Act of 1972 to make their lives better, but has not been successful, they die younger, higher infant death rate
• Hispanic American: have a Spanish speaking background
• Can be any race
• largest minority group at 50 million
• four main groups: Mexican Americans, purto Ricans, Cuban Americans,
• Asian Americans:
• Chinese labors were the first Asians to America, whites are made at them for it
• Chinese exclusion Act of 1882-80 yrs made it illegal to immigrate to America
• WW2 all Japanese were evacuated to the Pacific Coast. even native born, sent to concentration camps.
•  Congress admitted it was wrong
• Women: treated unfairly: Education, property rights and employment opportunities.
• Women are still not equal to men. Fewer women in high status jobs than men
• it is illegal to women less than men

Chapter 21 section 3

• those who oppose civil rights believe a law won't change people, people won't treat others better because gov. says they should
• "judicial decrees ...may not change the heart, but they can restrain the heartless."
• 1870's-1950's no helped the civil rights
• The Civil Rights Acts: first reall act
• Voting provisions: how, where, and when
• Public services: cannot deny access based on gender, race, religion, disability's, etc
• Employers could not discriminate for the reasons like  based on gender, race, religion, disability's, etc
• Federal funding programs could not discriminate
• Civil rights act of 1998: cannot deny someone a living space  based on gender, race, religion, disability's, etc
• Title 9: forbids discrimination on basis of gender in any educational program or finical assistance
• Affirmative Action:
• requires employers take positive steps to fix the affects of past discrimination
• employers must meet quotas for minority groups/genders.
• results in reverse discrimination majority groups gets denied so minority group has more opportunities
• "color blind" see a character for who they are
• California, Washington, Michigan, and Nebraska have done away with affirmative action
• The Bakke Case: sued the university of California bc he was denied access to the medicial school he won (16/100) seats were reserved for minority
• Courts have decided that quota should be used only when needed
• Justice Sandra Day O'Connor predicts in 25 yrs the use of racial preferences will no longer be needed 

Ch. 21 Section 4

• An American citizen is sworn into allegiance for protection and privileges.
• 14th amendment was first constitutional definition is born or naturalized in the u.s.
• American citizens are born or naturalized
• 90% are by birth
• Naturalization- legal process by which a person can become a citizen of another state
• Congress has exclusive power to provide naturalization
• Collective naturalization entire group granted citizenship through en masse cause us gained territory
• loss of citizenship right to voluntarily abandon citizenship called expatriation  
• Its unconstitutional for congress to take away citizenship
• They can lose citizenship only through denaturalization if only they used fraud or deception
• Marriage does not make a person a citizen only shortens the process of becoming a citizen
• Congress dictates who can leave and come across the boarder
• quotas limit how many ppl from each area to let in
• Immigration act of 1965 did away with the quota system letting up to 270,000 immigrants in a year
• Immigration act of 1990 same as 1965 we just let 675,000 ppl and special prefences are still given
• ppl can be denied entrance due to characteristics criminals, mentally ill who can cause harm,etc
• Deportation legal process by which they have to leave the country
• Biggest reason is illegal immigrant, conviction of a serious crime